Change of annual publication output from 2014 to 2022 in five journal categories in the field of ecology and organismal biology and two in multidisciplinary sciences, dependent on publication mode and ownership. The publisher-owned OA journals have been split into “predatory” and “serious” at the publisher level based on the criteria given in the section “How to recognise predatory open access journals”. All 40 journals are included in the Web of Science Core Collection; for details, see Suppl. material 1. The partial figures a and b show the same data, just with a different scaling.